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一、裂缝是混凝土不可避免的缺陷

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    我国著名工程结构裂缝控制专家王铁梦教授在其专著《工程结构裂缝控制》一书中指出：“近代科学关于混凝土强度的细观研究以及大量工程实践所提供的经验都说明，结构物的裂缝是不可避免的，裂缝是一种人们可以接受的材料特征，如对建筑物抗裂要求过严，必将付出巨大的经济代价；科学的要求应是将其有害程度控制在允许范围内”。混凝土裂缝是不可避免的，关键在于控制裂缝的宽度与深度。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    混凝土是一种多相非均匀的脆性材料。混凝土出现宏观裂缝的原因是多种多样，通常是因混凝土发生体积变化时受到约束，或因受到苛载作用时，在混凝土内引起过大拉应力（或拉应变）而产生裂缝。混凝土的微观裂缝则为一般混凝土秘固有，因为混凝土组成材料的物理力学性能并不一致，水泥石的干缩值较大，而骨料的干缩值很小；水泥石的热膨胀系数较大，而骨料的较难较小。因此混凝土中骨料限制了水泥石的自由收缩，这种约束等作用使混凝土内部从硬化开始就在骨料与水泥浆体的粘结面上出现了微裂缝，但是这些微裂缝在不大的外力或变形作用下是稳定的；当外力或变形较大时，这些粘结面上出现的微裂缝就会发展；当外力或变形作用更大时，微裂缝就会扩展穿过硬化后水泥石，逐渐发那展成可见的宏观裂缝。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    采用泵送的混凝土，为了保证混凝土具有良好的可泵性，必须增大混凝土的砂率，并普遍应用外加剂和掺合料，对于强度等级低的混凝土，还需增加胶凝材料用量。这些改善泵送性能的措施或材料之间的相溶性不好时，造成了混凝土收缩的增大，使混凝土的收缩率从过去的0.04%--0.06%，增加到0.06%--0.08%，从而使混凝土结构出现裂缝的几率大大增加。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"=""> 

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">二、裂缝的类型（指肉眼可见的裂缝，而不是微观裂缝）

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    根据开裂深度：表面的、贯穿的

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    根据结构物表面形状：网状、爆裂状、不规则短裂、纵向、横向、斜裂

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    根据发展情况：稳定的、不稳定的、能愈合的、不能愈合的

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    根据产生的时间：硬化前的塑性裂缝、硬化后的裂缝

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    根据产生的原因：苛载、变形（因不均匀沉降、温度变化、湿度变异、膨胀、收缩、徐变等原因引起的裂缝）

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">    变形裂缝一般不影响承载力，但却存在着防水问题。根据工程调查，由裂缝引起的各种不利后果中，渗漏水占60%。水分子的直径约为0.3*10的-6方毫米，可穿过任何肉眼可见的裂缝，工程实践表明，裂缝宽0.2mm，开始渗水量5L/h，一年后只有10mL/h，这说明裂缝逐渐自愈。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:21px;color:#323e32;font-family:simsun;font-size:14px;text-align:left;background-color:#a3262a;"="">

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">三、有害裂缝与无害裂缝

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    裂缝的大小主要用表面宽度来表示。宽度大于0.05mm的裂缝能用肉眼觉察，叫做可见裂缝（宏观裂缝），而小于0.05mm的裂缝叫做不可见裂缝（微观裂缝）。不可见裂缝一般都是无害裂缝。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    多数轻微细小的宏观裂缝对工程结构的承载能力、使用功能和耐久性不会有大的影响，只是影响结构的外观，引起对工程质量的疑虑，对这些裂缝称为无害裂缝；当裂缝已影响到或可能发展到影响结构性能、使用功能或耐久性时称为有害裂缝。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    宽度为0.1--0.2mm的裂缝，开始时有些渗漏，水通过裂缝同水泥中的未水化颗粒反应，新形成氢氧化钙和C-S-H凝胶，经一段时间裂缝就会自愈不渗了。有的裂缝在压应力作用下闭合了；有的裂缝在周期性温差和周期性反复苛载作用下产生周期性的扩展和闭合，称为裂缝的运动，但这是稳定的运动。有的裂缝产生不稳定的扩展，视其扩展部位，应考虑加固措施。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    判断裂缝有害或者无害，首先视其是否有害结构耐久性，其次是是否影响使用功能（如防水、防潮）。例如地下和水下工程，小于0.2mm裂缝视为无害裂缝，做简单表面封闭即可，再做柔性防水层就更保险了。楼面裂缝0.3--0.4mm，不危及结构安全，视为无害裂缝，可不作处理。对于受力的梁、柱，涉及结构安全，裂缝要妥当处理。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">   

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">四、裂缝产生的原因

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">1、与结构设计及受力苛载有关的：

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （1）超过设计苛载范围或设计未考虑到的作用；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （2）地震、台风作用等；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （3）构件断面尺寸不足、钢筋用量不足、配置位置不当；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （4）结构物的沉降差异；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （5）次应力作用；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （6）对温度应力和混凝土收缩应力估计不足。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">2、与使用及环境条件有关的

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （1）环境温度、湿度变化；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （2）结构构件各区域温度、湿度差异过大；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （3）冻融、冻胀；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （4）内部钢筋锈蚀；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （5）火灾或表面遭受高温；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （6）酸、碱、盐类的化学作用；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （7）冲击、振动影响。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">3、与材料性质和配合比有关的

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （1）水泥非正常凝结（受潮水泥、水泥温度过高）；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （2）水泥非正常膨胀（游离CaO、游离MgO、含要、碱量过高）；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （3）水泥的水化热；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （4）骨料含泥量过大、级配不良或使用了碱性骨料或风化岩石；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （5）混凝土收缩；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （6）混凝土配合比不当（水泥用量过大、用水量大、水胶比大、砂率大等）；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （7）选用的水泥、外加剂、掺合料不当或匹配不当；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （8）外加剂、硅灰等掺合料掺量过大。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">4、与施工有关的

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （1）拌合不均匀（特别是掺用掺合料的混凝土），搅拌时间不足或过长，拌合后到浇筑时间间隔过长；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （2）泵送时增加了水泥用量、用水量；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （3）浇筑顺序有误，浇筑不均匀（振动赶浆、钢筋过密）；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （4）捣实不良，坍落度过大、骨料下沉、沁水过大、混凝土表面强度过低就进行下一道工序；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （5）连续浇筑间隔时间过长，按搓处理不当；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （6）钢筋搭接、锚固不良，钢筋、预埋件扰动；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （7）钢筋保护层厚度不够；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （8）模板变形、模板漏浆或渗水；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （9）模板支撑下沉。过早拆除模板，模板拆除不当；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （10）硬化前遭受扰动或承受苛载；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （11）养护措施不当或养护不及时；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （12）养护初期遭受急剧干燥（日晒、大风）或冻害；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （13）混凝土表面抺压不及时；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （14）大体积混凝土内部温度与表面或表面温度与环境温度差异过大。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">五、砼裂缝的控制措施

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">1、有关设计方面的措施

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （1）在板的温度、收缩应力较大的区域宜在板未配筋表面配置控制温度收缩裂缝的构造钢筋。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （2）在房屋的一些关键部位的现浇混凝土楼板、屋面板内应配置抗温度收缩钢筋。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （3）当楼板内需要埋置管线时，现浇混凝土的设计厚度不宜小于110mm。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （4）楼板开洞时，根据洞的大小考虑是否在洞边加设边梁或在没事边配置附加钢筋。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （5）剪力墙墙体中水平分布筋除满足强度计算要求外，其配筋率不宜小于0.4%，钢筋间距不宜大于100mm，外墙厚宜大于160mm，并宜双排配置分布钢筋。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （6）在长、大建筑物中，宜采取“抗放结合”的综合措施。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （7）高层建筑与裙房间沉降差异过大而设置的“沉降后浇带”，应在相邻两侧面的结构满足设计允许的沉降差异值后，方可浇筑后浇带内的混凝土。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （8）楼板、屋面板采用普通混凝土时，其强度等级不宜大于C30，基础底板、地下室外墙不宜大于C35。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">2、有关材料和配合比方面的措施

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    材料方面：

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （1）水泥：对大体积混凝土，宜、低热水泥或大量掺用矿物掺合料。使用是水泥的温度不宜超过60度。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （2）骨料：符合国家现行标准。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （3）外加剂：符合国家现行标准，同时应先进行外加剂与水泥的适应性试验。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （4）矿物掺合剂：符合有关标准规定。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （5）纤维：对抗裂抗渗要求较高的部位，应掺入纤维。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （6）水：符合规定。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">   

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">     混凝土配合比方面：

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （1）应符合结构设计要求和其他规范对不同结构部位的有关要求。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （2）干缩率：混凝土的90天干缩率宜小于0.6%。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （3）坍落度：在满足施工要求的前提下，应尽量采用较小的混凝土坍落度；多高层底部宜控制坍落度在150mm左右；高层上部宜控制在180mm左右。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （4）用水量：控制在每方190Kg以内。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （5）水胶比：不宜大于0.6；钢构件中不宜大于0.55；冻融环境的钢构件不宜大于0.5.

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （6）水泥用量：每方270--450Kg，高强度混凝土不宜大于550Kg（含矿物掺量）。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （7）粗骨料用量：不少于每方1000Kg。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （8）砂率：在满足工作性能的前提下，要采用较小的砂率。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （9）泌水性：小于0.3mL/m2。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （10）宜采用引气剂或引气减水剂。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"=""> 

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">3、有关施工方面的措施

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （1）模板的安装及拆除

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （2）混凝土的制备

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （3）混凝土的运输

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    （4）混凝土的浇筑方面

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">        i.选择适当的机具和浇筑方法；

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">       ii.对现场浇筑要进行监控，运抵现场的混凝土坍落度不能满足施工要求时，可采取经试验确认的可靠方法调整坍落度，严禁随意加水。在降雨雪时不宜在露天浇筑混凝土。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      iii.浇筑墙、柱等较高构件时，一次浇筑高度以混凝土不离析为准，一般每层不超过500mm，捣平后再浇筑上层，浇筑时要注意振捣到位使混凝土充满端头角落。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      iV.当楼板、梁、柱、墙等一起浇筑时，先浇筑墙、柱，待混凝土沉实后，再浇筑梁和楼板。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">       V.在炎热干燥天气浇筑时，模板应充分湿润，避免模板干燥吸收混凝土中水分造成干燥收缩。另外，浇筑如从上午开始，已浇筑的混凝土楼板经中午火热太阳的作用，失水过快，混凝土表面与内部产生较大的温度梯度和湿度梯度，所以，上午浇筑的楼板比下午浇筑的楼板更易裂缝。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      Vi.混凝土浇筑时，如遇高温、太阳暴晒、大风天气，浇筑后应立即用塑料薄膜覆盖，避免产生混凝土表面硬结。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      Vii.浇筑时坍落度不宜过大，不宜过振，不宜过度抹平压光，否则表面易形成含水大的砂浆层，水分蒸发后表面易产生龟裂。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">     Viii. 对抗渗防裂要求较高的部位，如民用建筑物的卫生间、厨房等，为了减少或避免有害裂缝的发生，可在浇筑抹面时，在混凝土表面铺一层粒径不大于20mm的表面干净的碎石，或采用钢丝网，拍打至泛浆，能有效地提高结构的抗裂性能。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    Viiii. 在浇筑楼板时，不应集中布料，不宜用插入式振动棒赶料，高出部分用铁耙搂平，接着进行梅花式振捣，振捣棒插入的点与点之间，应相距400mm左右，振捣时间不宜超过10s左右，以观察粗骨料均布为基准。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    VV. 浇筑过程中，应注意钢筋的保护，如把板面负筋踩弯，将会造成支座的负弯矩，导致板面出现裂缝。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">   VVi. 严格按施工程序操作，在未到达1.2MPa以前，不应上人在混凝土上踩踏、支模和加荷，不盲目赶工过早拆模。混凝土强度小于10MPa时，楼板上不应吊运堆放重物；若非吊运，应在堆放位置采取有效措施，以减轻对楼板的冲击影响。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"=""> 

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">5、混凝土结构养护方面

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    干缩湿长是混凝土的物理特性。如果混凝土表面没有失水现象的发生，混凝土一般不会产生收缩变形裂缝。故混凝土浇筑成型后保湿养护极为重要。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    i.对泵送浇筑的混凝土楼板、梁，只需一次振捣和收面后用一层薄塑料膜及时覆盖，使混凝土中水分不易蒸发。实践证明，对浇筑后的混凝土进行及时保湿养护，是防止混凝土发生塑性收缩的最佳时机。因为环境的相对湿度不小于100%时，混凝土是不会收缩的，故这种封闭的保湿养护方法就发生了奇效。反之，当环境相对湿对小于100%时，混凝土内含水就会由里向外迁移，从而产生塑性收缩和干燥收缩，严重时可能出现有害裂缝。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    ii.对大体积混凝土，应控制浇筑后的混凝土内外温差、混凝土表面与环境温差均不超过25度。否则，还应在塑料薄膜上覆盖保温材料。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    iii. 特别要注意掺膨胀剂混凝土结构的保湿养护。膨胀剂的膨胀机理是凝胶态膨胀成分由于吸水而产生体积增大。研究表明，如果早期混凝土中水分不足，不但膨胀剂的膨胀能得不到正常发挥，后期在环境适宜的情况下所产生的膨胀对混凝土结构是有害的。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    iiii.掺粉煤灰和膨胀剂的混凝土养护时间不宜少于14天，早期及时进行水分的补给对水泥水化的正常发挥无疑是很重要的。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">     V. 拆模及加荷时间不应过早。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    Vi. 墙和柱是建筑物的承重结构，因此更应加强保湿养护。水分不足，不仅严重降低混凝土强度，而且使混凝土结构表面疏松，形成干缩裂缝，增大了渗水性，加快了碳化，影响混凝土结构的强度和耐久性。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">六、混凝土裂缝的处理方法

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    1、处理的原则：

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">       i. 查清情况

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      ii. 鉴别裂缝性质

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">     iii. 明确处理目的。如封闭保护或补强加固

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    iiii. 确保结构安全

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      V.  满足使用要求

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">     Vi.  保证一定的耐久性

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    Vii.  确定合适的处理时间，如有可能最好在裂缝稳定后处理。对危及结构安全的裂缝应及时处理。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    Viii. 防止不必要的损伤。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    Viiii.改善结构使用条件 ，消除造成裂缝的因素。这是防止裂缝修补后再次开裂的重要措施。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      VV. 处理方法可行

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">     VVi. 满足设计要求，遵守标准规范的有关规定。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"=""> 

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    2、表面修补法

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      i. 压实抹平：混凝土硬化前出现的早期收缩裂缝、沉缩裂缝，可用铁铲或铁抹子拍实压平，消除这类裂缝。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    ii.  表面涂抹砂浆法：适用于混凝土硬化后稳定的表面及深进裂缝的处理。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    iii. 表面涂抹环氧胶泥（或粘贴环氧玻璃布）法：适用于稳定的、干燥的表面及深进裂缝的处理。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">   iiii. 表面凿槽嵌补法：适用于独立的裂缝宽度较大的处理。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"=""> 

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    3、内部修补法--适用于对结构整体性有影响，或有防水、防渗要求的裂缝修补。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">      i. 注射法：当裂缝宽度小于0.5mm时，可用医用注射器压入低稠度、不掺加粉料的环氧树脂胶粘剂。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">     ii. 化学注浆法：化学灌浆具有黏度低、可灌性好、收缩小以及有较高的粘结强度和一定的弹性等优点，恢复结构整体性的效果好。适用于各种情况下的裂缝修补及堵漏、防渗处理。

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"=""> 

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"=""> 

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">七、混凝土裂缝修补效果检验

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    1、外观检查

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    2、恢复施工记录和质量保证资料

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    3、取芯试验

<p idth:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;list-style-type:none;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial;word-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;"="">    4、压水试验